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Topic: Climate Refugees

Climate Refugees

A climate refugee or climate migrant is a person who is forced to leave their home or community due to the adverse effects of climate change or environmental destruction, such as extreme weather events, rising sea levels, or persistent drought, fire, or flood. Typically used to highlight the complex relationship between climate change and migration, this term can refer to someone who loses their home suddenly due to natural disasters fueled by climate change or slowly due to the erosion of habitat and loss of resources caused by environmental degradation.

Climate change intersects with forced relocation in complex ways that researchers struggle to quantify, since environmental impacts often play a role in motivating people to migrate—either within their own countries, especially from rural to urban areas, or across international borders. For example, climate change may exacerbate existing economic, political, or social vulnerabilities that influence people’s choices to move. Because it is difficult to measure the significance of climate change in migration or to isolate environmental factors from the other drivers contributing to relocation, the term climate refugee lacks official recognition. The United Nations uses terms such as “climate migrants” or “persons displaced in the context of disasters and climate change” to describe this population instead.

International law does not recognize the term “climate refugee.” The 1951 Refugee Convention defines a refugee is someone who flees their country “owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion” (UNHCR). Climate-related displacement, even across international borders, does not meet these criteria and is therefore not accorded the same legal protection. Many nations fear that broadening protections would create new obligations toward potentially millions of climate-displaced people. Some advocates of environmental justice seek to redress this.

The challenge of weighing the multiple factors leading to migration means that only a few unequivocal cases, such as that of citizens in the South Pacific nation of Tuvalu facing immediate displacement from vanishing atolls, are widely recognized by scholars and political leaders as examples of climate refugees. For instance, Australia signed a 2023 treaty with Tuvalu that offered refuge to a limited number of Tuvaluans displaced by climate change. By contrast, long-term trends of desertification and loss of arable farmland in Syria or Guatemala may have triggered mass migration from those countries, but a clear link between mass migration events and climate change is hard to establish in light of the complex interplay of factors beyond environmental ones.

Many individuals displaced for environmental reasons remain within their own countries (internally displaced) or cross borders without formal refugee status. Nevertheless, the term climate refugee could, in the future, pertain to a broad class of people whose homes are no longer habitable due to climate change, which could lead to major disruptions in global migration and political stability. The term, therefore, often signals concerns about future impacts and serves as a call to climate action.

The scale of climate-induced displacement is significant and growing. Projections regarding the estimated number of current and future climate refugees vary widely. According to the International Organization for Migration (a United Nations agency), over 200 million people were estimated to have been displaced by climate-related disaster between 2014 and 2024. While no scholarly consensus exists concerning future projections, the number of global climate refugees is expected to climb as the impacts of climate change intensify.

See also:

How narratives on climate mobility are contributing to a failure to protect

Environmental Refugee

Challenges in Recognizing Climate Refugees: The Legal Void

The first climate refugees? Contesting global narratives of climate change in Tuvalu

Social Systems and Justice

Climate refugees: The world’s forgotten displacement crisis

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